Biological Data

COVID-19 Across Disciplines: Mapping Multidisciplinary Research Through Bibliometric Data Analysis

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Civil Engineering Department, University of Raparin, Iraq

2 Department of English Language, College of Basic Education, University of Raparin, Iraq

Abstract

Wuhan, China, saw an outbreak of severe atypical respiratory infections in December 2019. This rapidly spread from Wuhan to other locations. The COVID-19 crisis has prompted scientists and public health officials throughout the globe to promptly advance our knowledge of this lethal condition, clarify its treatment and control, and expedite the development of novel therapeutics. The COVID-19 epidemic has resulted in a large increase in publications. Specialty periodicals are swamped with applications from writers who were unknowingly given essential writing time. Until 2025, researchers continue to focus on the long-term effects of post-COVID-19 on numerous elements of life. Thus, this study evaluates COVID-19 research conducted by worldwide specialists across several areas. There was a total of 384,319 research articles published across five key fields: social sciences, humanities, formal sciences, natural sciences, and professions. ENDNOTE software was utilized to analyze the numerous terminologies related to COVID-19 and their respective publication years. The results show that the Professions category has the most articles, totaling 121,990, means 71% of all publications are on professions, far outweighing any other topic. This indicates how quickly and intensely specialists focus on their topics. The Social Sciences make up 15%, followed by Formal Sciences at 7% and Natural Sciences at 5%. While the Humanities account for just 2%, are critical for contextualizing the pandemic within broader humanistic and cultural frameworks. Also, the sciences are divided into their sub-sections for further evaluation.

Keywords

Abdel-Basst, M., Mohamed, R., & Elhoseny, M. (2020). A model for the effective COVID-19 identification in uncertainty environment using primary symptoms and CT scans. Health Informatics Journal, 26(4), 3088-3105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458220952918
Adiga, A., Dubhashi, D., Lewis, B., Marathe, M., Venkatramanan, S., & Vullikanti, A. (2020). Mathematical models for covid-19 pandemic: A comparative analysis. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 100(4), 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-020-00200-6
Agampodi, S., Mogeni, O.D., Chandler, R., Pansuriya, M., Kim, J.H., & Excler, J.L. (2024). Global pandemic preparedness: learning from the COVID-19 vaccine development and distribution. Expert Review of Vaccines, 23(1), 761-772. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2024.2395546
Ahmed, A., Salam, B., Mohammad, M., Akgül, A., & Khoshnaw, S.H. (2020). Analysis coronavirus disease (COVID-19) model using numerical approaches and logistic model. Aims Bioengineering, 7(3), 130-146. http://doi.org/10.3934/bioeng.2020013
Aidonojie, P.A., Aidonojie, E.C., Okpoko, M.O., Obieshi, E., & Damina, J.J. (2025). International legal framework in curtailing hazardous COVID-19 medical waste: Issues and challenges. Decova Law Journal, 1(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.71239/dlj.v1i1.51
Akarturk, B. (2020). The role and challenges of using digital tools for COVID-19 contact tracing. The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences, 29(3), 208-216. http://doi.org/10.15405/ejsbs.283
Al Saidi, A.M.O., Nur, F.A., Al-Mandhari, A.S., El Rabbat, M., Hafeez, A., & Abubakar, A. (2020). Decisive leadership is a necessity in the COVID-19 response. The Lancet, 396(10247), 295-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31493-8
Albanesi, S., & Kim, J. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 recession on the US labor market: Occupation, family, and gender. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 35(3), 3-24. http://doi.org/10.1257/jep.35.3.3
Aldila, D., Khoshnaw, S.H., Safitri, E., Anwar, Y.R., Bakry, A.R., Samiadji, B.M., Anugerah, D.A., Gh, M.F.A., Ayulani, I.D., & Salim, S.N. (2020). A mathematical study on the spread of COVID-19 considering social distancing and rapid assessment: The case of Jakarta, Indonesia. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 139, 110042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110042
Aldila, D., Shahzad, M., Khoshnaw, S.H., Ali, M., Sultan, F., Islamilova, A., Anwar, Y.R., & Samiadji, B. M. (2022). Optimal control problem arising from COVID-19 transmission model with rapid-test. Results in Physics, 37, 105501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2022.105501
Alimadadi, A., Aryal, S., Manandhar, I., Munroe, P.B., Joe, B., & Cheng, X. (2020). Artificial intelligence and machine learning to fight COVID-19. Physiological Genomics, 52(4), 200-202. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00029.2020 
Alon, I., Farrell, M., & Li, S. (2020). Regime type and COVID-19 response. FIIB Business Review, 9(3), 152-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714520928884
Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26947
Amann, J., Sleigh, J., & Vayena, E. (2021). Digital contact-tracing during the Covid-19 pandemic: An analysis of newspaper coverage in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. PLoS One, 16(2), e0246524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246524
Anderer, S. (2025). Women’s immune systems may explain increased long COVID diagnoses. JAMA, 333(3), 194-195. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.25505
Andrighetto, G., Szekely, A., Guido, A., Gelfand, M., Abernathy, J., Arikan, G., Aycan, Z., Bankar, S., Barrera, D., & Basnight-Brown, D. (2024). Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries. Nature Communications, 15, 1436. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5
Arocha, J.G. (2020). Philosophy, Social Death and the Necessary Ethical Turn after COVID-19. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-7. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3599774
Arriola, C., Kowalski, P., & van Tongeren, F. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on directions and structure of international trade. OECD Trade Policy Papers, 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1787/0b8eaafe-en 
Ayub, S., Anugwom, G.O., Basiru, T., Sachdeva, V., Muhammad, N., Bachu, A., Trudeau, M., Gulati, G., Sullivan, A., & Ahmed, S. (2023). Bridging science and spirituality: The intersection of religion and public health in the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1183234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1183234
Azıonya, C.M., & Nhedzı, A. (2021). The digital divide and higher education challenge with emergency online learning: Analysis of tweets in the wake of the COVID-19 lockdown. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(4), 164-182. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1002822
Bai, X., Fang, C., Zhou, Y., Bai, S., Liu, Z., Chen, Q., Xu, Y., Xia, T., Gong, S., Xie, X. … & Chen, X. (2020). Predicting COVID-19 malignant progression with AI techniques. MedRxiv, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.20037325
Balasubramaniam, D., Kanmanipappa, C., Shankarlal, B., & Saravanan, M. (2025). Assessing the impact of lockdown in US, Italy and France–What are the changes in air quality? Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 47(2), 1837300. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1837300
Barrat, A., Cattuto, C., Kivelä, M., Lehmann, S., & Saramäki, J. (2021). Effect of manual and digital contact tracing on COVID-19 outbreaks: A study on empirical contact data. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 18(178), 20201000. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.1000
Barrett, E., Dickson, M., Hayes-Brady, C., & Wheelock, H. (2020). Storytelling and poetry in the time of coronavirus. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37(4), 278-282. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.36
Bashshur, R., Doarn, C.R., Frenk, J. M., Kvedar, J.C., & Woolliscroft, J.O. (2020). Telemedicine and the COVID-19 pandemic, lessons for the future. Telemedicine and e-Health, 26(5), 571-573. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2020.29040.rb 
Batool, H., Nisar, M., & Irshad, S. (2025). Fear of Lockdown and COVID19: Semantics of Frames. Academy of Education and Social Sciences Review, 5(1), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15001967
Becher, M., Brouard, S., & Stegmueller, D. (2024). Endogenous benchmarking and government accountability: Experimental evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Political Science, 54(2), 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123423000170
Bhalla, A. (2021). Leadership challenges and the COVID-19 pandemic. ORF Occasional Paper, 299, 1-37.
Blair, R.A., Curtice, T., Dow, D., & Grossman, G. (2022). Public trust, policing, and the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from an electoral authoritarian regime. Social Science & Medicine, 305, 115045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115045
Bonal, X., & González, S. (2020). The impact of lockdown on the learning gap: family and school divisions in times of crisis. International Review of Education, 66(5), 635-655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-020-09860-z
Borjas, G.J., & Cassidy, H. (2020). The adverse effect of the COVID-19 labor market shock on immigrant employment. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1-24.
Carda, S., Invernizzi, M., Bavikatte, G., Bensmaïl, D., Bianchi, F., Deltombe, T., Draulans, N., Esquenazi, A., Francisco, G.E., Gross, R., Jacinto, L.J., Moraleda Pérez, S., O'Dell, M.W., Reebye, R., Verduzco-Gutierrez, M., Wissel, J., & Molteni, F. (2020). The role of physical and rehabilitation medicine in the COVID-19 pandemic: The clinician's view. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 63(6), 554-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2020.04.001
Casarico, A., & Lattanzio, S. (2022). The heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 on labor market flows: evidence from administrative data. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 20(3), 537-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-021-09522-6
Cassani, A. (2022). COVID-19 and the democracy–autocracy freedom divide: Reflections on post-pandemic regime change scenarios. Political Studies Review, 20(4), 717-724. https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299211047087
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). (2020). The effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on international trade and logistics. 1-22.
Ceylan, R.F., Ozkan, B., & Mulazimogullari, E. (2020). Historical evidence for economic effects of COVID-19. The European Journal of Health Economics, 21(6), 817-823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01206-8
Chen, C., Frey, C.B., & Presidente, G. (2023). Disease and democracy: Political regimes and countries responsiveness to COVID-19. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 212, 290-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2023.04.034
Chen, J.M. (2022). Novel statistics predict the COVID‐19 pandemic could terminate in 2022. Journal of Medical Virology, 94(6), 2845-2848. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27661
Chetty, R., Friedman, J.N., & Stepner, M. (2024). The economic impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a new public database built using private sector data. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 139(2), 829-889. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjad048
Ciotti, M., Ciccozzi, M., Terrinoni, A., Jiang, W.C., Wang, C.B., & Bernardini, S. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 57(6), 365-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2020.1783198
Colbert, G.B., Venegas-Vera, A.V., & Lerma, E.V. (2020). Utility of telemedicine in the COVID-19 era. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 21(4), 583-587. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm.2020.04.188
Cooper, K., Hards, E., Moltrecht, B., Reynolds, S., Shum, A., McElroy, E., & Loades, M. (2021). Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 289, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.016
Coquidé, C., Lages, J., Ermann, L., & Shepelyansky, D.L. (2022). COVID-19’s impact on international trade. Entropy, 24(3), 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/e24030327
Cortes, G.M., & Forsythe, E. (2023). Heterogeneous labor market impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. ILR Review, 76(1), 30-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221076856
Couzin-Frankel, J., & Vogel, G. (2022). Vaccines may cause rare, Long Covid-like symptoms. Science, 375(6579), 364-366. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ada0536
da Silva, S.J.R., do Nascimento, J.C.F., Germano Mendes, R.P., Guarines, K.M., Targino Alves da Silva, C., da Silva, P.G., de Magalhães, J.J.F., Vigar, J.R.J., Silva-Júnior, A., Kohl, A., Pardee, K., & Pena, L. (2022). Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons learned. ACS Infectious Diseases, 8(9), 1758-1814. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00204
Dan, J.M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K.M., Yu, E.D., Faliti, C.E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S.I., Haupt, S., & Frazier, A. (2021). Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection. Science, 371(6529), eabf4063. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf4063
Dashtban, A., Mizani, M.A., Pasea, L., Tomlinson, C., Mu, Y., Islam, N., Rafferty, S., Warren-Gash, C., Denaxas, S., & Horstmanshof, K. (2024). Vaccinations, cardiovascular drugs, hospitalization, and mortality in COVID-19 and Long COVID. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 146, 107155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107155
de Araujo, W.R., Lukas, H., Torres, M.D., Gao, W., & de la Fuente-Nunez, C. (2024). Low-cost biosensor technologies for rapid detection of COVID-19 and future pandemics. ACS Nano, 18(3), 1757-1777. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c01629
DeFranza, D., Lindow, M., Harrison, K., Mishra, A., & Mishra, H. (2021). Religion and reactance to COVID-19 mitigation guidelines. American Psychologist, 76(5), 744. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000717
Dera, J. (2021). Evaluating poetry on COVID-19: Attitudes of poetry readers toward corona poems. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 34(2), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08893675.2021.1899630
Desclaux, A., Sow, K., & Sams, K. (2024). Uncertainties beyond preparedness: COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal. Journal of Biosocial Science, 58(2), 147-167. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932024000075
Devine, D., Valgarðsson, V., Smith, J., Jennings, W., Scotto di Vettimo, M., Bunting, H., & McKay, L. (2024). Political trust in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis of 67 studies. Journal of European Public Policy, 31(3), 657-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2169741
Dömling, A., & Gao, L. (2020). Chemistry and biology of SARS-CoV-2. Chem, 6(6), 1283-1295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2020.04.023
Dymond, S., Cameron, G., Zuj, D.V., & Quigley, M. (2024). Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown. Learning & Behavior, 52(3), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4
Dzieciatkowski, T., Szarpak, L., Filipiak, K., Jaguszewski, M., Ladny, J., & Smereka, J. (2020). COVID-19 challenge for modern medicine. Cardiology Journal, 27(2), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.5603/CJ.a2020.0055
Engzell, P., Frey, A., & Verhagen, M.D. (2021). Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 118(17), e2022376118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022376118
Faramarzi, A., Norouzi, S., Dehdarirad, H., Aghlmand, S., Yusefzadeh, H., & Javan-Noughabi, J. (2024). The global economic burden of COVID-19 disease: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 13(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02476-6
Fornaro, L., & Romei, F. (2025). An international perspective on inflation during the Covid-19 recovery. In Research Handbook on Inflation (378-389). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035327768.00030
Ftouni, R., AlJardali, B., Hamdanieh, M., Ftouni, L., & Salem, N. (2022). Challenges of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 22(1), 207. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01952-0
Gharehgozli, O., & Lee, S. (2022). Money supply and inflation after COVID-19. Economies, 10(5), 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10050101
Gheisari, M., Ghaderzadeh, M., Li, H., Taami, T., Fernández-Campusano, C., Sadeghsalehi, H., & Afzaal Abbasi, A. (2024). Mobile apps for COVID-19 detection and diagnosis for future pandemic control: Multidimensional systematic review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 12, e44406. https://doi.org/10.2196/44406
González-Aguña, A., Jiménez-Rodríguez, M.L., Fernández-Batalla, M., Herrero-Jaén, S., Monsalvo-San Macario, E., Real-Martínez, V., & Santamaría-García, J.M. (2021). Nursing Diagnoses for Coronavirus Disease, COVID-19: Identification by Taxonomic Triangulation. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge, 32(2), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12301
Gupta, G., Buonsenso, D., Wood, J., Mohandas, S., & Warburton, D. (2025). Mechanistic insights into long covid: Viral persistence, immune dysregulation, and multi-organ dysfunction. Comprehensive Physiology, 15(3), e70019. https://doi.org/10.1002/cph4.70019
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., & Vaishya, R. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 pandemic in daily life. Current Medicine Research and Practice, 10(2), 78-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.03.011
Harper, L., Kalfa, N., Beckers, G.M.A., Kaefer, M., Nieuwhof-Leppink, A.J., Fossum, M., Herbst, K.W., & Bagli, D. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on research. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 16(5), 715-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.07.002
Hart, C.W., & Koenig, H.G. (2020). Religion and health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(3), 1141-1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01042-3
Hayakawa, K., & Mukunoki, H. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on international trade: Evidence from the first shock. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 60, 101135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2021.101135
Hoehn-Velasco, L., Silverio-Murillo, A., & de la Miyar, J.R.B. (2021). The long downturn: The impact of the great lockdown on formal employment. Journal of Economics and Business, 115, 105983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2021.105983
Hou, Y., Gu, T., Ni, Z., Shi, X., Ranney, M.L., & Mukherjee, B. (2025). Global Prevalence of Long COVID, Its Subtypes, and Risk Factors: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 12(9), ofaf533. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf533
Huang, Z., Guo, H., Lee, Y.M., Ho, E.C., Ang, H., & Chow, A. (2020). Performance of digital contact tracing tools for COVID-19 response in Singapore: Cross-sectional study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(10), e23148. https://doi.org/10.2196/23148
Husnain, A., Hussain, H.K., Shahroz, H.M., Ali, M., Gill, A., & Rasool, S. (2024). Exploring ai and machine learning applications in tackling covid-19 challenges. Revista Espanola de Documentacion Cientifica, 18(02), 19-40.
Iyamu, I., Plottel, L., Snow, M.E., Zhang, W., Havaei, F., Puyat, J., Sawatzky, R., & Salmon, A. (2023). Culture changes in long-term care-post COVID-19: Adapting to a new reality using established ideas and systems. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 42(2), 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0714980822000344
Jahmunah, V., Sudarshan, V.K., Oh, S.L., Gururajan, R., Gururajan, R., Zhou, X., Tao, X., Faust, O., Ciaccio, E.J., & Ng, K.H. (2021). Future IoT tools for COVID‐19 contact tracing and prediction: a review of the state‐of‐the‐science. International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology, 31(2), 455-471. https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.22552
Jaiswal, A., & Arun, C.J. (2020). Unlocking the COVID-19 lockdown: Work from home and its impact on employees. Research Square, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-34556/v1
Jałtuszyk, G. (2022). Inflation, the global financial crisis, and COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Management and Financial Sciences, 46, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.33119/JMFS.2022.46.1
Jephcote, C., Hansell, A.L., Adams, K., & Gulliver, J. (2021). Changes in air quality during COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution, 272, 116011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116011
Jewell, N.P., Lewnard, J.A., & Jewell, B.L. (2020). Predictive mathematical models of the COVID-19 pandemic: underlying principles and value of projections. JAMA, 323(19), 1893-1894. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6585
Jian, S.W., Cheng, H.Y., Huang, X.T., & Liu, D.P. (2020). Contact tracing with digital assistance in Taiwan’s COVID-19 outbreak response. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 101, 348-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1483
Kaim, A., & Kubbe, I. (2025). Who Is the master of disasters? A comparative analysis of covid-19 crisis response and resilience in democracies, hybrid regimes, and autocratic states. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 16(1), e70004. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.70004
Kannan, S., Subbaram, K., Ali, S., & Kannan, H. (2020). The role of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques: Race for covid-19 vaccine. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15(2), e103232. http://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.103232
Karimi, H., Wassan, N., Ehsani, B., Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R., & Ghodratnama, A. (2024). Optimizing COVID-19 medical waste management using goal and robust possibilistic programming. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 131, 107838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107838
Kavanagh, M.M., & Singh, R. (2020). Democracy, capacity, and coercion in pandemic response: COVID-19 in comparative political perspective. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 45(6), 997-1012. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8641530
Khamis, M., Prinz, D., Newhouse, D., Palacios-Lopez, A., Pape, U., & Weber, M. (2021). The early labor market impacts of COVID-19 in developing countries. Policy Research Working Paper, 9510. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9510
Khoshnaw, S.H., Salih, R.H., & Sulaimany, S. (2020). Mathematical modelling for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in predicting future behaviours and sensitivity analysis. Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena, 15, 33. https://doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2020020
Khoshnaw, S.H., Shahzad, M., Ali, M., & Sultan, F. (2020). A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the COVID–19 pandemic model. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 138, 109932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109932
Kichloo, A., Albosta, M., Dettloff, K., Wani, F., El-Amir, Z., Singh, J., Aljadah, M., Chakinala, R.C., Kanugula, A.K., & Solanki, S. (2020). Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: A narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Family Medicine and Community Health, 8(3), e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
Klenk, E., & Gurol, J. (2024). The role of narratives for gaining domestic political legitimacy: China’s image management during COVID-19. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 29(2), 337-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-023-09865-z
Kowalczyk, O., Roszkowski, K., Montane, X., Pawliszak, W., Tylkowski, B., & Bajek, A. (2020). Religion and faith perception in a pandemic of COVID-19. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(6), 2671-2677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01088-3
Kumar, A., Narayan, R.K., Prasoon, P., Kumari, C., Kaur, G., Kumar, S., Kulandhasamy, M., Sesham, K., Pareek, V., & Faiq, M.A. (2021). COVID-19 mechanisms in the human body—what we know so far. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 693938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.693938
Kumar, P., Sobhanan, J., Takano, Y., & Biju, V. (2021). Molecular recognition in the infection, replication, and transmission of COVID-19-causing SARS-CoV-2: An emerging interface of infectious disease, biological chemistry, and nanoscience. NPG Asia Materials, 13(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-020-00275-8
Lahav, E., Shahrabani, S., Rosenboim, M., & Tsutsui, Y. (2022). Is stronger religious faith associated with a greater willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine? Evidence from Israel and Japan. The European Journal of Health Economics, 23(4), 687-703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01389-8
Lalmuanawma, S., Hussain, J., & Chhakchhuak, L. (2020). Applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence for Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: A review. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 139, 110059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110059
Lastauskas, P. (2022). Lockdown, employment adjustment, and financial frictions. Small Business Economics, 58(2), 919-942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00496-3
Latkin, C.A., Dayton, L., Kaufman, M.R., Schneider, K.E., Strickland, J.C., & Konstantopoulos, A. (2022). Social norms and prevention behaviors in the United States early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(1), 162-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03661-3
Lee, L.C., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Ping, L., Zuo, J., & Zhang, H. (2024). Impact of COVID-19 on the economic loss and resource conservation of China's tourism industry from the supply chain perspective. Cities, 144, 104633. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMS-07-2023-0050
Li, L., Serido, J., Vosylis, R., Sorgente, A., Lep, Ž., Zhang, Y., Fonseca, G., Crespo, C., Relvas, A.P., & Zupančič, M. (2023). Employment disruption and wellbeing among young adults: A cross-national study of perceived impact of the COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of happiness studies, 24(3), 991-1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-023-00629-3
Liu, H. (2020). The economic impact of travel restrictions on the Canadian economy due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic Insights, 125, 1-11.
Long, E., Patterson, S., Maxwell, K., Blake, C., Pérez, R.B., Lewis, R., McCann, M., Riddell, J., Skivington, K., & Wilson-Lowe, R. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on social relationships and health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 76(2), 128-132. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-216690
Lv, C., Guo, W., Yin, X., Liu, L., Huang, X., Li, S., & Zhang, L. (2024). Innovative applications of artificial intelligence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infectious Medicine, 3(1), 100095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2024.100095
Lyu, M., Fan, G., Xiao, G., Wang, T., Xu, D., Gao, J., Ge, S., Li, Q., Ma, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Cui, Y., Zhang, J., Zhu, Y., & Zhang, B. (2021). Traditional Chinese medicine in COVID-19. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 11(11), 3337-3363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.008
Mahmood, H., Furqan, M., Meraj, G., & Hassan, M.S. (2024). The effects of COVID-19 on agriculture supply chain, food security, and environment: A Review. PeerJ, 12, e17281. http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17281
Major, L.E., Eyles, A., & Machin, S. (2021). Learning loss since lockdown: Variation across the home nations. Centre for Economic Performance, COVID-19 Analysis Series, 23, 1-22.
Marek, D., Patrik, R., Veronika, G., & Marina, F. (2020). Economic impacts of Covid-19 on the labor market and human capital. Terra Economicus, 18(4), 78-96. http://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2020-18-4-78-96
Mathew, A., Kunal, R., Sharma, K.V., & Shekar, P.R. (2025). Environmental impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on Indian metropolitan cities: A comprehensive analysis of air quality, water quality, and surface temperatures. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 16(1), 136-174.
Mathrani, A., Sarvesh, T., & Umer, R. (2022). Digital divide framework: online learning in developing countries during the COVID-19 lockdown. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 20(5), 625-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1981253
Mbunge, E. (2020). Integrating emerging technologies into COVID-19 contact tracing: Opportunities, challenges and pitfalls. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(6), 1631-1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.029
Mckinsey, A., White, O., Krishnan, M., Mahajan, D., & Azcue, X. (2020). COVID-19 and gender equality: Countering the regressive effects. Mckinsey Global Institute, 1-11.
Memish, Z.A., Ebrahim, S.H., Kattan, R.F., Alharthy, A., Alqahtani, S.A., & Karakitsos, D. (2020). Leadership to prevent COVID-19: Is it the most important mitigation factor? Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 38, 101925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101925
Mhlanga, D. (2022). The role of artificial intelligence and machine learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: What lessons are we learning on 4IR and the sustainable development goals? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031879
Michopoulou, E. (2022). Living happily in the era of COVID-19: Philosophical and positive psychology intervention in secondary education. Conatus-Journal of Philosophy, 7(2), 193-227. http://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.31765
Mohamadou, Y., Halidou, A., & Kapen, P.T. (2020). A review of mathematical modeling, artificial intelligence and datasets used in the study, prediction and management of COVID-19. Applied Intelligence, 50(11), 3913-3925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-01770-9
Moradian, N., Ochs, H.D., Sedikies, C., Hamblin, M.R., Camargo Jr, C.A., Martinez, J.A., Biamonte, J. D., Abdollahi, M., Torres, P.J., & Nieto, J.J. (2020). The urgent need for integrated science to fight COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18, 205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02364-2
Mulcahey, M.K., Gianakos, A.L., Mercurio, A., Rodeo, S., & Sutton, K.M. (2021). Sports medicine considerations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(2), 512-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520975186
Neville, F.G., Templeton, A., Smith, J.R., & Louis, W.R. (2021). Social norms, social identities and the COVID‐19 pandemic: Theory and recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(5), e12596. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12596
Nunes, B., Caetano, C., Antunes, L., & Dias, C. (2020). Statistics in times of pandemics: The role of statistical and epidemiological methods during the Covid-19 emergency (Invited paper with discussion). REVSTAT-Statistical Journal, 18(5), 553-564.
Olabi, A.G., Shehata, N., Obaideen, K., Sayed, E.T., Mahmoud, M., AlMallahi, M.N., & Abdelkareem, M.A. (2024). COVID‐19: Medical waste management, impact on sustainable development goals, and bibliometric analysis. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 47(1), 4-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202300046
Olawade, D.B., Wada, O.Z., Ore, O.T., David-Olawade, A.C., Esan, D.T., Egbewole, B.I., & Ling, J. (2024). Trends of solid waste generation during COVID-19 pandemic: A review. Waste Management Bulletin, 1(4), 93-103. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.wmb.2023.10.002
Oven, H., & Hicintuka, M. (2020). Covid-19: How does it affect international e-commerce firms. A qualitative case study about how the Covid-19 situation affects e-commerce firms and how they respond to it. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCMC51019.2021.9418369
Parhiz, H., Atochina-Vasserman, E.N., & Weissman, D. (2024). mRNA-based therapeutics: Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccines. The Lancet, 403(10432), 1192-1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02444-3
Pathak, A., & Agrawal, D.K. (2025). Role of gut microbiota in Long COVID: Impact on immune function and organ system health. Archives of Microbiology & Immunology, 9(1), 38-53.
Pereira, R.M., Bertolini, D., Teixeira, L.O., Silla, C.N., & Costa, Y.M.G. (2020). COVID-19 identification in chest X-ray images on flat and hierarchical classification scenarios. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 194, 105532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105532
Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A literature review on impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Higher Education for the Future, 8(1), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481
Portnoy, J., Waller, M., & Elliott, T. (2020). Telemedicine in the era of COVID-19. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 8(5), 1489-1491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.008
Rahman, B., Khoshnaw, S.H., Agaba, G.O., & Al Basir, F. (2021). How containment can effectively suppress the outbreak of COVID-19: A mathematical modeling. Axioms, 10(3), 204. http://doi.org/10.3390/axioms10030204
Rakeman-Cagno, J.L., Persing, D.H., & Loeffelholz, M.J. (2024). Maintaining point of care testing capacity and pandemic preparedness in the post-COVID-19 era. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 24(3), 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2023.2260743
Rameshan, P. (2024). Leadership behaviour in Covid-19 crisis response: A personal strategy proposition. IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, 13(1), 44-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/22779752221095277
Randall, R.M., & Rafferty, R. (2020). Philosophy problems become real during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 102(15), e88. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.20.00512
Ratten, V. (2021). Coronavirus (Covid-19) and entrepreneurship: Cultural, lifestyle and societal changes. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(4), 747-761. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-06-2020-0163
Ratten, V. (2023). The post COVID-19 pandemic era: Changes in teaching and learning methods for management educators. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(2), 100777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100777
Riccaboni, M., & Verginer, L. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientific research in the life sciences. PLoS One, 17(2), e0263001. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263001
Robinson, B.W., Tai, A., & Springer, K. (2021). Why we still need drugs for COVID‐19 and can't just rely on vaccines. Respirology, 27(2), 109-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.14199
Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Hasell, J. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)–Statistics and research. Our World in Data, 4, 1-45.
Rošker, J.S. (2021). Chinese philosophy of life, relational ethics and the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Philosophy, 31(1), 64-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2020.1863624
Roy, S. (2020). Economic impact of Covid-19 pandemic. A Preprint, 1, 29.
Ryan, J.M. (2022). COVID-19, cultural changes, and institutional adaptations. In COVID-19: Cultural change and institutional adaptations (15-28). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003302612
Saadat, S., Rawtani, D., & Hussain, C.M. (2020). Environmental perspective of COVID-19. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138870
Samad, A., Al Jerjawi, K., & Dadich, A. (2022). Crisis leadership: Political leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 15(1), 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010266
San, S., Bastug, M.F., & Basli, H. (2021). Crisis management in authoritarian regimes: A comparative study of COVID-19 responses in Turkey and Iran. Global Public Health, 16(4), 485-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1867880
Sárdi, R. (2021). We are the stories we tell: Pandemic Narratives and COVID-19. Working Papers in American Studies, 5, 81. https://doi.org/10.17234/WPAS.2021.6
Sayır, M., & Aydın, N. (2024). The reflection of covid-19 in literary works: The sample of short story. Journal of History School, 17(73), 3416-3434. https://doi.org/10.29228/joh.79012
Schmotz, A., & Tansey, O. (2023). Do institutions matter in a crisis? Regime type and decisive responses to Covid-19. Democratization, 30(5), 938-959. http://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2023.2205129
Sen, H.E., Colucci, L., & Browne, D.T. (2022). Keeping the faith: Religion, positive coping, and mental health of caregivers during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 805019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.805019
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2022). Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 vaccines. Immunological Reviews, 310(1), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.13089
Sfetcu, N. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic–philosophical approaches. Nicolae Sfetcu, 1-113.
Shankar, S., Mohakuda, S.S., Kumar, A., Nazneen, P., Yadav, A.K., Chatterjee, K., & Chatterjee, K. (2021). Systematic review of predictive mathematical models of COVID-19 epidemic. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 77, S385-S392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.05.005
Sharma, D. (2021). Reading and rewriting poetry on life to survive the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 34(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/08893675.2021.1899631
Silvest, R.R., & Ganapathy, M. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic poems. Cape Comorin Publisher Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India, 111, 1-43.
Sisti, L.G., Buonsenso, D., Moscato, U., Costanzo, G., & Malorni, W. (2023). The role of religions in the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031691
Sloane, P.D., & Zimmerman, S. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientific publishing. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 22(3), 484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.01.073
Smereka, J., Szarpak, L., & Filipiak, K. (2020). Modern medicine in COVID-19 era. Disaster and Emergency Medicine Journal, 5(2), 103-105. https://doi.org/10.5603/DEMJ.a2020.0012
Soga, M., Evans, M.J., Cox, D.T., & Gaston, K.J. (2021). Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on human–nature interactions: Pathways, evidence and implications. People and Nature, 3(3), 518-527. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10201
Sohrabi, C., Mathew, G., Franchi, T., Kerwan, A., Griffin, M., Soleil C Del Mundo, J., Ali, S.A., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2021). Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on scientific research and implications for clinical academic training: A review. International Journal of Surgery, 86, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.12.008
Song, Y., Huang, T., Pan, H., Du, A., Wu, T., Lan, J., Zhou, X., Lv, Y., Xue, S., & Yuan, K. (2023). The influence of COVID-19 on colorectal cancer was investigated using bioinformatics and systems biology techniques. Frontiers in Medicine, 10, 1169562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1169562
Sood, S., Aggarwal, V., Aggarwal, D., Upadhyay, S.K., Sak, K., Tuli, H.S., Kumar, M., Kumar, J., & Talwar, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: From molecular biology, pathogenesis, detection, and treatment to global societal impact. Current Pharmacology Reports, 6(5), 212-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-020-00229-2
Sosa Díaz, M.J. (2021). Emergency remote education, family support and the digital divide in the context of the COVID-19 lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157956
Spyridonidis, D., Côté, N., Currie, G., & Denis, J.L. (2022). Leadership configuration in crises: Lessons from the english response to COVID-19. Leadership, 18(5), 680-694. https://doi.org/10.1177/17427150221126780
Strobl, S., & Roth, W. (2021). International publication activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Der Pathologe, 42(2), 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-020-00892-8
Syeda, H.B., Syed, M., Sexton, K.W., Syed, S., Begum, S., Syed, F., Prior, F., & Yu Jr, F. (2021). Role of machine learning techniques to tackle the COVID-19 crisis: Systematic review. JMIR Medical Informatics, 9(1), e23811. https://doi.org/10.2196/23811
Tan, M.M., Musa, A.F., & Su, T.T. (2022). The role of religion in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic: The Malaysian multi-faith perspectives. Health Promotion International, 37(1), daab041. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daab041
Tarkar, P. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on education system. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(9), 3812-3814.
Van der Schaar, M., Alaa, A.M., Floto, A., Gimson, A., Scholtes, S., Wood, A., McKinney, E., Jarrett, D., Lio, P., & Ercole, A. (2021). How artificial intelligence and machine learning can help healthcare systems respond to COVID-19. Machine Learning, 110(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-020-05928-x
Verma, A.K., & Prakash, S. (2020). Impact of covid-19 on environment and society. Journal of Global Biosciences, 9(5), 7352-7363.
Vo, T.D., & Tran, M.D. (2021). The impact of covid-19 pandemic on the global trade. International Journal of Social Science and Economics Invention, 7(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.23958/ijssei/vol07-i01/261
Völker, B. (2023). Networks in lockdown: The consequences of COVID-19 for social relationships and feelings of loneliness. Social Networks, 72, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2022.08.001
Vytla, V., Ramakuri, S.K., Peddi, A., Srinivas, K.K., & Ragav, N.N. (2021). Mathematical models for predicting COVID-19 pandemic: A review. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1797, 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1797/1/012009
Watkins, D.V., & Clevenger, A.D. (2021). US political leadership and crisis communication during COVID-19. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1901365. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1901365
Weiner, D.L., Balasubramaniam, V., Shah, S.I., Javier, J.R., & Council, P.P. (2020). COVID-19 impact on research, lessons learned from COVID-19 research, implications for pediatric research. Pediatric Research, 88(2), 148-150. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1006-3
Wildman, W.J., Bulbulia, J., Sosis, R., & Schjoedt, U. (2020). Religion and the COVID-19 pandemic. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 10(2), 115-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2020.1749339
Wu, Q., Coumoul, X., Grandjean, P., Barouki, R., & Audouze, K. (2021). Endocrine disrupting chemicals and COVID-19 relationships: A computational systems biology approach. Environment International, 157, 106232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106232
Yang, L., Yang, Z., & Cheng, Y. (2024). How fear of COVID-19 promotes posttraumatic growth during COVID-19 epidemic: A moderated mediation model. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 16(4), 543. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001603
Young, A.S., Parikh, S., Dedesko, S., Bliss, M., Xu, J., Zanobetti, A., Miller, S.L., & Allen, J.G. (2024). Home indoor air quality and cognitive function over one year for people working remotely during COVID-19. Building and Environment, 257, 111551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111551
Young, S.D., & Goldstein, N.J. (2021). Applying social norms interventions to increase adherence to COVID-19 prevention and control guidelines. Preventive Medicine, 145, 106424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106424
Yuki, K., Fujiogi, M., & Koutsogiannaki, S. (2020). COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clinical Immunology, 215, 108427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427
Zhang, Z., Mateus, J., Coelho, C.H., Dan, J.M., Moderbacher, C.R., Gálvez, R.I., Cortes, F.H., Grifoni, A., Tarke, A., & Chang, J. (2022). Humoral and cellular immune memory to four COVID-19 vaccines. Cell, 185(14), 2434–2451. e2417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.022
Zheng, N., Du, S., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Cui, W., Kang, Z., Yang, T., Lou, B., Chi, Y., & Long, H. (2020). Predicting COVID-19 in China using hybrid AI model. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 50(7), 2891-2904. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCYB.2020.2990162
Zhu, C., Pang, S., Liu, J., & Duan, Q. (2024). Current progress, challenges and prospects in the development of COVID-19 vaccines. Drugs, 84(4), 403-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-024-02013-8 
Biological Data
Volume 1, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
June 2026
Pages 55-84
  • Receive Date: 08 April 2026
  • Revise Date: 02 May 2026
  • Accept Date: 19 May 2026
  • First Publish Date: 24 May 2026